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“Ladakh was once an independent Himalayan kingdom. The political history of Ladakh dates back to 930 A.D. when several small, sovereign principalities outlying the Western Himalayas were integrated and given a unified polity by Lha-Chen-Palgigon.

Ladakh consists of two districts-Kargil and Leh. Both the districts have a roughly equal population of a little more than a hundred thousand people. The majority of the population of Kargil are Shi'a Muslims. The remainder are mainly Buddhists, in the Zanskar valley, with a small minority of Sunni Muslims in Padum and Dras. In Leh, the overwhelming majority of the population is Buddhist, with a minority of Sunni, Shi'a and Nurbakshi Muslims.

While relations between the principal communities in Ladakh have been traditionally close and conflict-free district, recent years have witnessed a marked deterioration, owing primarily to various political developments. This finally culminated in a social boycott by the Buddhists of the Muslims of Leh district, declared and enforced by the Ladakh Buddhist Association (LBA) in 1989. The boycott remained in force till 1992, and witnessed several clashes between Buddhist and Muslim youth, incidents of police firing in which three people lost their lives, the burning down of several Muslim homes and even cases of forced conversion of Muslims to Buddhism. During the boycott Buddhists who visited their Muslim relatives or patronised Muslim shops were penalised by LBA activists, and social relations between the two communities were almost completely severed. Relations between the Buddhists and Muslims in Leh improved after the lifting of the boycott, although suspicions remained.

The boycott came as a culmination of a series of agitations spearheaded by Buddhist groups against what they saw as Kashmiri Muslim 'colonialism'. No sooner had Jammu and Kashmir acceded to the Indian Union than the Buddhists of Ladakh began protesting against the Kashmir-dominated state. The Ladakh Buddhist Association (LBA) demanded that Ladakh should bear the same relationship with the state of Jammu and Kashmir as that between Kashmir and India. The outbreak of militancy in Kashmir in 1989 convinced many Buddhists that their future was insecure in Jammu and Kashmir. This fear was strengthened both by the Kashmiri demand for total independence or merger with Pakistan of the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, including Ladakh, as well as the fact that the population growth rate in Kargil was considerably higher than in Leh, which meant that in a few decades the Buddhists would be in a clear minority in Ladakh. To add to this were continued charges of neglect by the Kashmir government and discrimination against Buddhists in fund and project allocations and government jobs.

In July 1989 a scuffle between some Buddhist and Muslim youth led to clashes in Leh town, which then spread to other parts of Ladakh. This led the LBA to embark upon a violent struggle, once again demanding the separate constitutional status of a Union Territory for Ladakh.

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www.countercurrents.org/comm-sikand130206.htm

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from United States Of Dub, released September 1, 2017
Female vocals (sampled from the film, Khuda Ke Liye)

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Sir Ravana New Delhi, India

In a Word: Mystical

In a sense, electronic music is a vacuum  - the entire damn genre started off as nothing more than a series of electrical inventions which gained popularity after composers applied them to their own cultures. New Delhi-based artist Ravana, named after the antagonist of Valmiki’s epic poem Ramayana, follows in these classics’ footsteps to re-imagine their music. ... more

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